← 4.7
Act 5, Scene 1 — A churchyard.
on stage:
Next: 5.2 →
Original
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The argument Two gravediggers argue comically about Ophelia's burial rights. Hamlet and Horatio arrive, watch them work, and Hamlet picks up a skull — Yorick's. Ophelia's funeral procession arrives. Laertes leaps into the grave; Hamlet, revealing himself, leaps in after him.
Enter two Clowns with spades, &c.
FIRST CLOWN [First Clown: digging a grave]

Is she to be buried in Christian burial, when she wilfully seeks her

own salvation?

Is she to be buried in Christian burial when she willfully seeks her own salvation?

She drowned herself. Should she get a proper Christian burial?

she drowned suicide burial

SECOND CLOWN [Second Clown: the law]

I tell thee she is, and therefore make her grave straight. The crowner

hath sat on her, and finds it Christian burial.

I tell thee she is; and therefore make her grave straight: the crowner hath sat on her, and finds it Christian burial.

The coroner said it was an accident. So yes, she gets a Christian burial.

coroner said accident burial

FIRST CLOWN [First Clown: singing, working]

How can that be, unless she drowned herself in her own defence?

A pick-axe and a spade, a spade, for and a shrouding sheet: O, a pit of clay for to be made for such a guest is meet.

Digging graves. That's what we do. We bury everyone.

digging graves we bury everyone

SECOND CLOWN [Horatio: watching the graveyard scene]

Why, ’tis found so.

Yes, Hamlet, this is where the dead rest.

The dead are here.

the dead

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: philosophical about graves]

It must be _se offendendo_, it cannot be else. For here lies the point:

if I drown myself wittingly, it argues an act: and an act hath three

branches. It is to act, to do, and to perform: argal, she drowned

herself wittingly.

Has this fellow no feeling of his business? that he sings at grave-making?

How can he sing while digging graves? Where's the respect for the dead?

singing at gravedigging no respect for the dead

SECOND CLOWN [Hamlet: watching the gravedigger]

Nay, but hear you, goodman delver,—

Methinks it shows a most piteous ambition in the fool that uses it. For there is no ancient gentleman but gardeners, ditchers, and grave-makers: they hold up Adam's profession.

We all come to this. We dig graves. That's the natural end of all gentlemen—we become gravediggers.

all become gravediggers natural end adam's profession

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: the gravedigger's song continues]

Give me leave. Here lies the water; good. Here stands the man; good. If

the man go to this water and drown himself, it is, will he nill he, he

goes,—mark you that. But if the water come to him and drown him, he

drowns not himself. Argal, he that is not guilty of his own death

shortens not his own life.

He sings louder.

He keeps singing.

SECOND CLOWN [Hamlet: taking the skull]

But is this law?

Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him, Horatio; a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy: he hath borne me on his back a thousand times; and now, how abhorred in my imagination it is! my gorge rises at it.

This is Yorick—my father's jester. I knew him. He was brilliant, funny. He carried me on his back when I was a child. And now he's just a skull. Everything dies. Everything becomes this.

yorick my father's jester i knew him he made me laugh now he's just bone everything dies

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: the meaning of death]

Ay, marry, is’t, crowner’s quest law.

Where be his quiddits now? his quillets? his cases? his tenors? his tricks? why does he suffer this rude knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel, and will not tell him of his action of battery? Hum! This fellow might be in's time a great buyer of land, with his statutes, his recognizances, his fines, his double vouchers, his recoveries: is this the fine pate of a fine gentleman?

This man probably spent his whole life buying land, making deals, arguments over property. And now he's here. Being knocked around by a gravedigger. What does it matter? All his cleverness, all his deals—it means nothing.

spent his life buying land making deals now nothing means nothing all gone

SECOND CLOWN [Horatio: uncomfortable]

Will you ha’ the truth on’t? If this had not been a gentlewoman, she

should have been buried out o’ Christian burial.

Not a jot more, my lord.

No, my lord.

no

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: the skull of a lawyer]

Why, there thou say’st. And the more pity that great folk should have

countenance in this world to drown or hang themselves more than their

even Christian. Come, my spade. There is no ancient gentlemen but

gardeners, ditchers, and grave-makers: they hold up Adam’s profession.

Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer? Where be his quiddits now, his quillets, his cases, his tenors, his tricks? why does he suffer this rude knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel?

This could be a lawyer. Probably is. All his knowledge, all his arguing. And now a gravedigger's hitting it with a shovel.

a lawyer all his knowledge arguments now a shovel to the skull

SECOND CLOWN [Hamlet: the revelation]

Was he a gentleman?

How long will a man lie i' the earth ere he rot?

How long does it take for a body to rot in the ground?

how long until rot

FIRST CLOWN [First Clown: matter-of-fact]

He was the first that ever bore arms.

If he be not rotten before he die—as we have many pocky corses now-a-days, that will scarce hold the laying in—he will last you some eight year or nine year: a tanner will last you nine year.

If the body's not already rotten, it'll last eight or nine years. A tanner's body lasts longer—the chemicals preserve it.

eight nine years tanner lasts longer chemicals preservation

SECOND CLOWN [Hamlet: pressing for the meaning]

Why, he had none.

Why he more than another?

Why a tanner longer than others?

why

FIRST CLOWN [First Clown: the answer]

What, art a heathen? How dost thou understand the Scripture? The

Scripture says Adam digg’d. Could he dig without arms? I’ll put another

question to thee. If thou answerest me not to the purpose, confess

thyself—

Why, sir, his hide is so tann'd with his trade, that he will keep out water a great while; and your water is a sore decayer of your whoreson dead body.

His skin is already tanned and treated by his work. It resists water. Water rots bodies.

water rots bodies tanning preserves

SECOND CLOWN [Hamlet: the terrible knowledge]

Go to.

To what base uses we may return, Horatio! Why may not imagination trace the noble dust of Alexander till he find it stopping a beer barrel?

Think about it—Alexander the Great. One of the mightiest men who ever lived. He conquered the world. And now his dust might be in a beer barrel. Or stopping a hole in a wall.

alexander the great conquered the world now dust in a barrel in a wall

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: the complete nihilism]

What is he that builds stronger than either the mason, the shipwright,

or the carpenter?

Imperious Caesar, dead and turn'd to clay, might stop a hole to keep the wind away: O, that that earth, which kept the world in awe, should patch a wall to expel the winter flaw!

Caesar conquered armies. And now his body might patch a wall against the wind. Everything—all power, all empire—becomes dust. Meaningless dust.

caesar conquered armies now patches walls against the wind all dust all meaningless

SECOND CLOWN [Second Clown: clever, making a pun about gallows]

The gallows-maker; for that frame outlives a thousand tenants.

The gallows maker—that structure lasts longer than a thousand tenants.

The gallows builder—his work outlasts everything.

the gallows builder his work lasts forever

FIRST CLOWN [First Clown: enjoying the wit, but pushing back logically]

I like thy wit well in good faith, the gallows does well. But how does

it well? It does well to those that do ill. Now, thou dost ill to say

the gallows is built stronger than the church; argal, the gallows may

do well to thee. To’t again, come.

I like that. The gallows lasts well. But what does it mean, 'does well'? It does well to people who do wrong. Now, you're doing wrong by saying the gallows outlasts the church. So the gallows may do well to you. Try again.

I like that. The gallows does last. But 'does well' means what? It does well to criminals. So if the gallows lasts longer, then the gallows will do well to you—meaning hang you. Try again.

the gallows does well to people who do wrong so it will do well to you

SECOND CLOWN [Second Clown: trying the riddle again]

Who builds stronger than a mason, a shipwright, or a carpenter?

Who builds stronger—a mason, a shipwright, or a carpenter?

Who builds stronger—a mason, a shipbuilder, or a carpenter?

who builds strongest

FIRST CLOWN [First Clown: tell me and we're done]

Ay, tell me that, and unyoke.

Tell me and we're finished.

Tell me.

tell me

SECOND CLOWN [Second Clown: ready with the answer]

Marry, now I can tell.

Now I can tell you.

Now I can answer.

now i can answer

FIRST CLOWN [First Clown: go on]

To’t.

Go on.

Go on.

go

SECOND CLOWN [Second Clown: he doesn't actually know]

Mass, I cannot tell.

Actually, I can't tell.

Actually, I don't know.

i don't know

Enter Hamlet and Horatio, at a distance.
FIRST CLOWN [First Clown: you're supposed to know—it's a riddle]

Cudgel thy brains no more about it, for your dull ass will not mend his

pace with beating; and when you are asked this question next, say ‘a

grave-maker’. The houses he makes last till doomsday. Go, get thee to

Yaughan; fetch me a stoup of liquor.

The answer is a gravedigger. The gravedigger builds stronger than any of those—he builds for eternity.

The gravedigger. A gravedigger builds for the longest—he builds graves.

the gravedigger he builds forever for the dead

[_Exit Second Clown._]
[_Digs and sings._]
In youth when I did love, did love,
Methought it was very sweet;
To contract, O, the time for, a, my behove,
O methought there was nothing meet.
HAMLET ≋ verse [First Clown: singing while digging]

Has this fellow no feeling of his business, that he sings at

grave-making?

[He sings] In youth, when I did love, love did me no good...

[Singing] When I was young and in love...

when i was young when i was in love

↩ Callback to 4-3 In 4-3, Hamlet argued abstractly that 'a king may go a progress through the guts of a beggar' — the food chain as social leveler. Here he holds a specific skull in his hands and feels it. The abstract argument about mortality becomes personal encounter with mortality.
HORATIO [Hamlet: to Horatio—this man has been digging graves for thirty years]

Custom hath made it in him a property of easiness.

That skull—how long has it been in the ground?

How long has that been buried?

how long has it been buried

HAMLET [First Clown: this is Yorick's skull—the king's jester]

’Tis e’en so; the hand of little employment hath the daintier sense.

This is Yorick, the king's jester. He's been in the ground twenty-three years.

This is Yorick. The king's jester. Twenty-three years.

yorick the jester twenty-three years

[_Sings._]
FIRST CLOWN ≋ verse [Hamlet: taking the skull—holding death itself]

But age with his stealing steps

Hath claw’d me in his clutch,

And hath shipp’d me into the land,

As if I had never been such.

Alas, poor Yorick! I knew him. Here, in the ground, he lies, and I hold his skull—this is what remains of a man who once made the whole court laugh.

Poor Yorick. I knew him. And now his skull is all that's left.

poor yorick i knew him this is all that remains

[_Throws up a skull._]
HAMLET [Hamlet: to Horatio, the meditation on death]

That skull had a tongue in it, and could sing once. How the knave jowls

it to th’ ground, as if ’twere Cain’s jawbone, that did the first

murder! This might be the pate of a politician which this ass now

o’er-offices, one that would circumvent God, might it not?

Where is your wit now, Yorick? Where are your jokes? Did you ever think you'd end up like this—being turned around in a graveyard and poked at?

Where's your wit now, Yorick? All your jokes? Did you ever think you'd end up like this?

yorick where is your wit where are your jokes

HORATIO [Hamlet: this is the fate of all—including kings and emperors]

It might, my lord.

All people come to this—emperors, jesters, beggars, kings. Dust.

Everyone ends up like this. Kings, peasants, emperors. Dust.

everyone kings paupers all dust

HAMLET [Hamlet: addressing the skull—what would a scholar say about this?]

Or of a courtier, which could say ‘Good morrow, sweet lord! How dost

thou, good lord?’ This might be my lord such-a-one, that praised my

lord such-a-one’s horse when he meant to beg it, might it not?

Alexander the Great died and was buried. Now he's dust. And we use that dust to stop a beer barrel.

Alexander died and became dust. Now we use that dust to plug a barrel.

alexander died became dust used to plug a barrel

HORATIO [Hamlet: continuing the meditation, darkly comic]

Ay, my lord.

It's not a pretty thing to think about. But that's the truth.

It's not pretty. But it's true.

not pretty but true

HAMLET [Hamlet: the final meditation]

Why, e’en so: and now my Lady Worm’s; chapless, and knocked about the

mazard with a sexton’s spade. Here’s fine revolution, an we had the

trick to see’t. Did these bones cost no more the breeding but to play

at loggets with ’em? Mine ache to think on’t.

And so we all return to the earth from which we came.

That's what we all become.

that's what we all become

[_Sings._]
FIRST CLOWN ≋ verse [Hamlet: who's that coming?]

A pickaxe and a spade, a spade,

For and a shrouding-sheet;

O, a pit of clay for to be made

For such a guest is meet.

Who's that coming?

Who's coming?

who's coming

[_Throws up another skull._]
HAMLET [Hamlet: recognizing the funeral procession]

There’s another. Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer? Where be

his quiddits now, his quillets, his cases, his tenures, and his tricks?

Why does he suffer this rude knave now to knock him about the sconce

with a dirty shovel, and will not tell him of his action of battery?

Hum. This fellow might be in’s time a great buyer of land, with his

statutes, his recognizances, his fines, his double vouchers, his

recoveries. Is this the fine of his fines, and the recovery of his

recoveries, to have his fine pate full of fine dirt? Will his vouchers

vouch him no more of his purchases, and double ones too, than the

length and breadth of a pair of indentures? The very conveyances of his

lands will scarcely lie in this box; and must the inheritor himself

have no more, ha?

This is a funeral.

That's a funeral.

funeral

HORATIO [Hamlet: and there's the priest—why is the funeral so small?]

Not a jot more, my lord.

The priest is here. Why so few people at the funeral?

The priest is with them. Why so few mourners?

funeral few mourners

HAMLET [Hamlet: recognizing Laertes]

Is not parchment made of sheep-skins?

That's Laertes.

That's Laertes.

laertes

HORATIO [Hamlet: it's Ophelia's funeral—the truth crashes in]

Ay, my lord, and of calf-skins too.

It's Ophelia.

It's Ophelia.

ophelia

HAMLET [Claudius: to the priest—why the restriction on the funeral?]

They are sheep and calves which seek out assurance in that. I will

speak to this fellow.—Whose grave’s this, sir?

Since she died under questionable circumstances, we can't give her a full funeral. The priest is upset about it, but those are the rules.

The priest is upset. Questionable death—that's why the simple ceremony.

questionable death simple funeral

↩ Callback to 3-1 In the nunnery scene (3-1), Hamlet told Ophelia 'I loved you not.' Here, at her grave, he says he loved her. Whether the nunnery denial was performance or truth, this declaration arrives too late to matter — and that timing is the measure of everything Hamlet failed to say or do while she was alive.
FIRST CLOWN [Laertes: grief and rage at Ophelia's grave]

Mine, sir.

Now I see her grave. May the earth that holds her be light on her.

There's my sister. God rest her.

there she is my sister

[_Sings._]
O, a pit of clay for to be made
For such a guest is meet.
HAMLET [Laertes: jumping into the grave]

I think it be thine indeed, for thou liest in’t.

I'll go with her.

I'm coming with you.

i'm coming with you

FIRST CLOWN ≋ verse [Hamlet: unable to contain himself—he breaks cover]

You lie out on’t, sir, and therefore ’tis not yours.

For my part, I do not lie in’t, yet it is mine.

Wait! What are you doing?

Hold on—what are you doing?

what are you doing

HAMLET [Hamlet: revealing himself]

Thou dost lie in’t, to be in’t and say it is thine. ’Tis for the dead,

not for the quick; therefore thou liest.

It's me, Hamlet.

It's Hamlet.

it's hamlet

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: to Laertes—I loved her too]

’Tis a quick lie, sir; ’t will away again from me to you.

I loved Ophelia. Forty thousand brothers couldn't love her as much as I did.

I loved her. More than you could know.

i loved her more than brothers more than anyone

HAMLET [Laertes: rage at finding Hamlet]

What man dost thou dig it for?

Hamlet! You—traitorous villain!

Hamlet! You killed my father!

hamlet you killed him

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: defending—I didn't mean to]

For no man, sir.

I didn't mean to kill your father. It was an accident in my madness.

I didn't mean to. I was mad.

i was mad i didn't mean to

HAMLET [Claudius: to Laertes—hold him]

What woman then?

Laertes, control yourself. This is the moment we've been planning for.

Laertes. Control yourself. We have this planned.

we're ready for this

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: I'll challenge you to single combat]

For none neither.

Laertes, I challenge you to a duel. First blood. We'll settle this like men.

Laertes, fight me. Right now. Just the two of us.

fight me now just us

HAMLET [Laertes: accepting]

Who is to be buried in’t?

I accept.

I will.

yes

FIRST CLOWN [Claudius: to himself—the moment is here]

One that was a woman, sir; but, rest her soul, she’s dead.

Good. This is what we wanted.

This is it.

this is it

HAMLET [Hamlet: one word before we start]

How absolute the knave is! We must speak by the card, or equivocation

will undo us. By the Lord, Horatio, these three years I have taken note

of it, the age is grown so picked that the toe of the peasant comes so

near the heel of the courtier he galls his kibe.—How long hast thou

been a grave-maker?

Before we fight, I need to say something.

Wait. Before we fight.

wait

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: explaining his actions]

Of all the days i’ th’ year, I came to’t that day that our last King

Hamlet o’ercame Fortinbras.

I know what you think of me. But I've been mad. And in my madness, I did terrible things. But I didn't do them as your enemy—I did them as a madman.

I know you think I'm a villain. But I wasn't in control. I was mad. I did things—terrible things—but not as myself.

i was mad i wasn't myself what i did was madness not malice

HAMLET [Laertes: I can't forgive that]

How long is that since?

You killed my father. I can't forgive that.

You killed my father. That's unforgivable.

you killed him unforgivable

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: then let's fight]

Cannot you tell that? Every fool can tell that. It was the very day

that young Hamlet was born,—he that is mad, and sent into England.

Then let's settle it with swords.

Then let's fight.

then fight me

HAMLET [Osric: announcing the match rules]

Ay, marry, why was he sent into England?

You'll fight with blunted swords. First one to land a hit wins.

The rules are blunted swords. First hit wins.

blunted swords first hit wins

FIRST CLOWN [Claudius: offering poisoned wine to Hamlet]

Why, because he was mad; he shall recover his wits there; or if he do

not, it’s no great matter there.

Here, Hamlet. Drink this wine before the match.

Hamlet, drink this.

drink this

HAMLET [Hamlet: he drinks—the trap is set]

Why?

[He drinks]

[He drinks]

FIRST CLOWN [The duel begins]

’Twill not be seen in him there; there the men are as mad as he.

Begin!

Begin!

begin

HAMLET [Hamlet scores first]

How came he mad?

A hit!

A hit!

hit

FIRST CLOWN [Laertes: frustrated]

Very strangely, they say.

No—I can do better!

Again!

again

HAMLET [The duel continues]

How strangely?

They fight again.

They fight.

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: pressing his advantage]

Faith, e’en with losing his wits.

I'm faster than you!

I'm winning!

i'm faster

HAMLET [Laertes: he manages to touch Hamlet with the poisoned sword]

Upon what ground?

Now I have you!

Got you!

got you

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: wounded by the poisoned sword]

Why, here in Denmark. I have been sexton here, man and boy, thirty

years.

[He falls] I'm hit.

[Falls] You got me.

i'm hit

HAMLET [Laertes: realizing what's happened—he's also poisoned]

How long will a man lie i’ th’earth ere he rot?

I'm poisoned too. We're both dying.

I'm poisoned. We both are.

i'm poisoned we're both dying

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: understanding the betrayal]

Faith, if he be not rotten before he die,—as we have many pocky corses

nowadays that will scarce hold the laying in,—he will last you some

eight year or nine year. A tanner will last you nine year.

Claudius did this. He poisoned the sword.

Claudius did this. He poisoned it.

claudius he poisoned us

HAMLET [Gertrude: drinking the poisoned wine meant for Hamlet]

Why he more than another?

[She dies] No! I'm poisoned!

[She dies] The drink!

the wine poison

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: to Claudius—his mother]

Why, sir, his hide is so tann’d with his trade that he will keep out

water a great while. And your water is a sore decayer of your whoreson

dead body. Here’s a skull now; this skull hath lain in the earth

three-and-twenty years.

You killed my mother!

You killed her!

you killed her

HAMLET [Hamlet: killing Claudius]

Whose was it?

[He stabs Claudius] Die!

[Stabs him] Die!

die

FIRST CLOWN [Claudius: dying]

A whoreson, mad fellow’s it was. Whose do you think it was?

[He dies]

[Dies]

HAMLET [Laertes: forgiving Hamlet before death]

Nay, I know not.

Hamlet, I forgive you. The fault is all Claudius's. Forgive me too.

Hamlet. I forgive you. It was all Claudius. Forgive me.

forgive me it was claudius

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: dying, trying to speak to the court]

A pestilence on him for a mad rogue! A pour’d a flagon of Rhenish on my

head once. This same skull, sir, was Yorick’s skull, the King’s jester.

I'm dying. You need to know the truth about what happened. Horatio will tell you.

I'm dying. Tell them. Tell them what really happened.

tell them the truth

HAMLET [Horatio: staying with Hamlet to the end]

This?

I'm here, Hamlet. I won't leave you.

I'm here.

i'm here

FIRST CLOWN [Hamlet: his last word]

E’en that.

The rest is silence.

That's all.

rest silence

HAMLET [Hamlet: he dies]

Let me see. [_Takes the skull._] Alas, poor Yorick. I knew him,

Horatio, a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy. He hath

borne me on his back a thousand times; and now, how abhorred in my

imagination it is! My gorge rises at it. Here hung those lips that I

have kiss’d I know not how oft. Where be your gibes now? your gambols?

your songs? your flashes of merriment, that were wont to set the table

on a roar? Not one now, to mock your own grinning? Quite chop-fallen?

Now get you to my lady’s chamber, and tell her, let her paint an inch

thick, to this favour she must come. Make her laugh at that.—Prithee,

Horatio, tell me one thing.

[He dies]

[Dies]

HORATIO [Horatio: the end]

What’s that, my lord?

Now cracks a noble heart. Goodnight, sweet prince, and flights of angels sing thee to thy rest.

He's gone. Goodnight, sweet prince. May the angels carry you.

goodnight sweet prince angels carry you

HAMLET [Fortinbras: arriving at the end]

Dost thou think Alexander looked o’ this fashion i’ th’earth?

What has happened here?

What's happened?

what happened

HORATIO [Horatio: explaining]

E’en so.

These are the bodies of the Danish royal family. Hamlet, the prince, is dead. So are the king and queen.

They're all dead. The prince, the king, the queen.

all dead

HAMLET [Fortinbras: taking Denmark]

And smelt so? Pah!

Denmark is now mine to rule. Hamlet deserves honor.

Denmark is mine. But Hamlet deserves honor.

denmark is mine hamlet deserves honor

[_Throws down the skull._]
HORATIO [Horatio: the final words]

E’en so, my lord.

I'll tell his story to the world. So that his name will be remembered.

I'll tell everyone what happened. So they'll remember him.

i'll tell his story so he'll be remembered

HAMLET [The end]

To what base uses we may return, Horatio! Why may not imagination trace

the noble dust of Alexander till he find it stopping a bung-hole?

[The play ends]

[The play ends]

HORATIO [Laertes: shocked at Hamlet's appearance]

’Twere to consider too curiously to consider so.

Hamlet! Is it you?

Hamlet?

hamlet

HAMLET [Hamlet: in the grave with them]

No, faith, not a jot. But to follow him thither with modesty enough,

and likelihood to lead it; as thus. Alexander died, Alexander was

buried, Alexander returneth into dust; the dust is earth; of earth we

make loam; and why of that loam whereto he was converted might they not

stop a beer-barrel?

Imperious Caesar, dead and turn’d to clay,

Might stop a hole to keep the wind away.

O, that that earth which kept the world in awe

Should patch a wall t’expel the winter’s flaw.

But soft! but soft! aside! Here comes the King.

I'm here. And I loved her—I love her still.

I loved her.

i loved her

Enter priests, &c, in procession; the corpse of Ophelia, Laertes and
Mourners following; King, Queen, their Trains, &c.
The Queen, the courtiers. Who is that they follow?
And with such maimed rites? This doth betoken
The corse they follow did with desperate hand
Fordo it own life. ’Twas of some estate.
Couch we awhile and mark.
[_Retiring with Horatio._]
LAERTES [Horatio: stopping Hamlet from fighting Laertes]

What ceremony else?

Hamlet, no—not here, not now.

Hamlet, don't.

stop

HAMLET [Claudius: to guards]

That is Laertes, a very noble youth. Mark.

Separate them.

Pull them apart.

separate them

LAERTES [Hamlet: to Laertes]

What ceremony else?

We'll settle this another way.

This isn't over.

we're not done

PRIEST ≋ verse [Claudius: to Laertes]

Her obsequies have been as far enlarg’d

As we have warranties. Her death was doubtful;

And but that great command o’ersways the order,

She should in ground unsanctified have lodg’d

Till the last trumpet. For charitable prayers,

Shards, flints, and pebbles should be thrown on her.

Yet here she is allowed her virgin rites,

Her maiden strewments, and the bringing home

Of bell and burial.

Come. Leave the grave.

Come with me.

come

LAERTES [Laertes: reluctantly leaving]

Must there no more be done?

I'll come.

I'm going.

yes

PRIEST ≋ verse [Priest: refusing to extend the service for a questionable burial]

No more be done.

We should profane the service of the dead

To sing sage requiem and such rest to her

As to peace-parted souls.

No more should be said. To sing an elaborate prayer for someone whose drowning might not have been an accident—that would be disrespecting the ritual itself, disrespecting the dead.

That's all. Singing more prayers for her—when we don't know how she died—that's not respectful to the ceremony or to the dead.

no more can't sing for a questionable burial it disrespects the ritual

LAERTES ≋ verse [Laertes: in rage at the priest, leaping into the grave]

Lay her i’ th’earth,

And from her fair and unpolluted flesh

May violets spring. I tell thee, churlish priest,

A minist’ring angel shall my sister be

When thou liest howling.

Put her in the earth. And from her pure, untouched body, let flowers grow. I tell you, you rigid, heartless priest, when you're in your grave—howling in hell—my sister will be an angel ministering in heaven.

Bury her. May flowers grow from her beautiful, clean body. Listen, you cold priest—when you're dead and howling, my sister will be an angel. She'll be better than you in death.

bury her flowers will grow from her body she'll be an angel when you're howling in hell

HAMLET [Hamlet: the shock of recognition]

What, the fair Ophelia?

Ophelia? You mean... Ophelia?

Wait—that's Ophelia?

ophelia no

[_Scattering flowers._] Sweets to the sweet. Farewell.
QUEEN ≋ verse [Gertrude: a mother's regret, made tender by death]

I hop’d thou shouldst have been my Hamlet’s wife;

I thought thy bride-bed to have deck’d, sweet maid,

And not have strew’d thy grave.

I had hoped you would be my Hamlet's wife. I imagined decorating your wedding bed with flowers. Instead, I'm throwing flowers on your grave.

I thought you'd be Hamlet's wife. I wanted to decorate your bride-bed with flowers. But now I'm throwing flowers on your grave instead.

i thought you'd be his wife i'd decorate your bed with flowers instead your grave

LAERTES ≋ verse [Laertes: burning rage at whoever caused her death]

O, treble woe

Fall ten times treble on that cursed head

Whose wicked deed thy most ingenious sense

Depriv’d thee of. Hold off the earth a while,

Till I have caught her once more in mine arms.

Threefold sorrow fall on that cursed head—treble sorrow, multiplied ten times over—on whoever did this, whoever took her brilliant mind from her. Hold on—don't cover her yet—let me hold her once more.

A curse on the bastard who did this. Treble pain, ten times over, on their head. Wait—don't bury her yet. Let me hold her one more time.

curse on them whoever did this let me hold her once more please

[_Leaps into the grave._]
Now pile your dust upon the quick and dead,
Till of this flat a mountain you have made,
To o’ertop old Pelion or the skyish head
Of blue Olympus.
[_Advancing._]
HAMLET ≋ verse [Hamlet: alone at last]

What is he whose grief

Bears such an emphasis? whose phrase of sorrow

Conjures the wand’ring stars, and makes them stand

Like wonder-wounded hearers? This is I,

Hamlet the Dane.

Horatio, we need to talk.

Horatio.

horatio

[_Leaps into the grave._]
[_Grappling with him._] The devil take thy soul!
HAMLET ≋ verse [Horatio: serious]

Thou pray’st not well.

I prithee take thy fingers from my throat;

For though I am not splenative and rash,

Yet have I in me something dangerous,

Which let thy wiseness fear. Away thy hand!

I'm listening.

I'm here.

yes

KING [Hamlet: a revelation]

Pluck them asunder.

Something happened on the ship. The letter—they were sending me to be killed.

On the ship. They wanted me dead.

they sent me to be killed

QUEEN ≋ verse [Horatio: shocked]

Hamlet! Hamlet!

All.

Gentlemen!

What?

What?

what

HORATIO [Hamlet: explaining his escape]

Good my lord, be quiet.

I changed the letter. Now Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are the ones going to their deaths.

I changed it. They're the ones going to die.

i changed it they die not me

[_The Attendants part them, and they come out of the grave._]
HAMLET ≋ verse [Horatio: the consequences]

Why, I will fight with him upon this theme

Until my eyelids will no longer wag.

So the King tried to kill you.

The King wanted you dead.

the king wanted you dead

QUEEN [Hamlet: now it's personal]

O my son, what theme?

Now I have no choice. It's him or me.

Now it's between him and me.

him or me

HAMLET ≋ verse [Horatio: Laertes is coming]

I lov’d Ophelia; forty thousand brothers

Could not, with all their quantity of love,

Make up my sum. What wilt thou do for her?

Wait—Laertes is here.

Laertes is here.

laertes

KING [Hamlet: and they're both looking for me]

O, he is mad, Laertes.

Yes. And they want my blood.

They want me dead.

they want me dead

QUEEN [Horatio: but there's more to tell]

For love of God forbear him!

There's something else. About Ophelia.

Ophelia.

ophelia

HAMLET ≋ verse [Hamlet: what about her?]

’Swounds, show me what thou’lt do:

Woul’t weep? woul’t fight? woul’t fast? woul’t tear thyself?

Woul’t drink up eisel? eat a crocodile?

I’ll do’t. Dost thou come here to whine?

To outface me with leaping in her grave?

Be buried quick with her, and so will I.

And if thou prate of mountains, let them throw

Millions of acres on us, till our ground,

Singeing his pate against the burning zone,

Make Ossa like a wart. Nay, an thou’lt mouth,

I’ll rant as well as thou.

What? Tell me.

Tell me.

what

QUEEN ≋ verse [Horatio: she's dead]

This is mere madness:

And thus awhile the fit will work on him;

Anon, as patient as the female dove,

When that her golden couplets are disclos’d,

His silence will sit drooping.

She's gone. Drowned in the river.

She drowned.

she's dead drowned

HAMLET ≋ verse [Hamlet: the full weight]

Hear you, sir;

What is the reason that you use me thus?

I lov’d you ever. But it is no matter.

Let Hercules himself do what he may,

The cat will mew, and dog will have his day.

No. Everything—everyone.

Everyone.

everyone gone

[_Exit._]
KING [Osric: announcing the final duel]

I pray thee, good Horatio, wait upon him.

My lord, the match is ready.

My lord. It's time.

it's time

[_Exit Horatio._]
[_To Laertes_]
Strengthen your patience in our last night’s speech;
We’ll put the matter to the present push.—
Good Gertrude, set some watch over your son.
This grave shall have a living monument.
An hour of quiet shortly shall we see;
Till then in patience our proceeding be.
[_Exeunt._]

The Reckoning

The churchyard scene is one of the most architecturally perfect in Shakespeare — it moves from comedy to philosophy to grief to violence, and each register is necessary for the others. The gravediggers open with a legal parody about whether Ophelia's drowning was suicide ('an act hath three branches: it is to act, to do, to perform') that is both absurd and deadly serious — if she drowned herself, she is damned; the question of her burial is the question of her soul. Hamlet arrives in a changed register: he watches the clowns, he thinks, he holds the skull, and he has a quality of calm he has never had before. The Yorick speech is not performed grief — it is genuine encounter with death as a fact, as a thing in his hand, not an abstraction. Then the funeral procession arrives and Hamlet sees that it is Ophelia. Laertes leaps into the grave weeping. Hamlet reveals himself and leaps in. For a moment the two revenging sons grapple in a grave. It is the most terrible staging in the play.

If this happened today…

Two municipal gravediggers argue over paperwork while digging a grave for a case that might be ruled a suicide — which would change the insurance, the service, the whole thing. A man watches them work. He picks up a skull and realizes he knew the person. His childhood best friend. Then he realizes whose funeral this is. He has been standing at his ex-girlfriend's graveside without knowing it. And her brother, who blames him, is already there.

Continue to 5.2 →